The problem of drinking water in China is not optimistic

The problem of drinking water in China is not optimistic.

On March 22, the 19th “World Water Day”, the theme set by the United Nations this year was “Urban Water: Meeting the Challenge of Urbanization”. In the context of urbanization in China, drinking water is undoubtedly the highest priority for urban water use.

At the same time, this year is also the fourth year of the five-year transitional period for the mandatory national standard "Drinking Sanitation Standards for Drinking Water", and there is less than 16 months from its latest implementation deadline of July 1, 2012.

However, the reality is that, on the one hand, water pollution in the country is serious, and on the other hand, the health requirements for drinking water in society are getting higher and higher. Within the specified time with the corresponding detection and water purification capacity.

After the five-year transition period, the new national standard remains an "impossible mission."

Contaminated raw water, stagnant process

Vice Minister of Water Resources, Jiao Yong, said in 2005 that the city’s drinking water safety problem is severe. According to the results of the second National Water Resources Survey and Evaluation, according to the criteria of water function zoning, the current water drinking source water source non-compliance rate is 35.6%; the country's 1,073 major cities, surface water drinking water sources, 25% water quality is not up to standard. The problem of water quality in groundwater sources is even more serious. Of the 115 groundwater sources, 35% are unqualified. Except for the conventional water quality projects exceeding the standards of water sources, toxic organic pollution has been detected in some drinking water sources, and some areas are still quite serious.

Raw water as raw material for tap water has become the “number one enemy” of drinking water safety.

According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection's 2009 National Water Environment Quality Status, the 408 surface water national monitoring sections of 203 rivers have a water quality of 57.3% and 24.3 for Grades I-III, IV-V, and worse. % and 18.4%. The main pollution indicators were permanganate index, 5th biochemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen. Among them, the Songhua River and the Huaihe River are lightly polluted, while the Yellow River and Liaohe are moderately polluted, and the Haihe River is heavily polluted.

Taking the Haihe River, which covers important areas such as Beijing and Tianjin, for example, in the 64 national monitoring sections, the proportion of Grade IV, Grade V, and Grade V water quality sections was 10.9%, 12.5%, and 42.2%, respectively, and could not be used as a water source.

However, during the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” period, the pressure of water pollution in the Haihe River Basin will continue to increase. According to the "Twelve Five-Year Plan for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in the Hai River Basin", "according to the "12th Five-Year" economic development and urbanization situation, the total discharge of pollutants during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period will be under the current treatment level. With an increase of 35%-40%, the pollution in the Haihe River Basin will become more serious in the future, and the overall pollution problem in the river basin will become more prominent."

The water purification process of most water plants can no longer adapt to the current status of water quality in China.

At present, the conventional water treatment processes commonly used by centralized water supply units have four major steps: coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Some experts have said that most of the water plants in China today use such processes that have been used for more than 100 years.

"The technology of a hundred years ago" can no longer cope with "the water quality after a hundred years."

Liu Wenjun, director of the Institute of Drinking Water Safety at Tsinghua University, believes that China's raw water pollution is serious and more stringent process measures should be used to ensure water quality.

Wang Qishan, a professor of the School of Environmental Science and Engineering at Nankai University, also believes that the water supply agency in China should improve the water purification process according to the actual situation. “The water plant is still an old process, and organic matter and dissolved chemicals cannot be removed.” The Institute studied the use of membranes. Guo Xiaoyan, an associate professor of technical water purification technology, also stated that technically, existing water purification processes cannot remove certain pollutants.

Major cities such as Beijing and Tianjin have begun to improve the water purification process earlier due to various advantages. However, even in these excellent cities, their water supply systems have limited capacity for water pollution.

According to Wang Fuqi, general manager of China-France Huiyuan Water Co., Ltd. under Tianjin Water Supply Group Co., Ltd., the raw water used in the Keyuan Water Plant comes from the Weihe River. Because of the large amount of aquaculture in the upper reaches of the reservoir, the raw water is eutrophic and the algae are seriously polluted. Traditional craftsmanship cannot be removed. To this end, the Juyuan Water Plant introduced an abandonment floatation process to solve algae problems. Zhang Xudong, Vice Minister of Production Technology Department of Tianjin Water Group, said that the current water quality index of the mustard plant has reached the requirements of the new national standard, but he also said that “for the decline of raw water quality, the company’s affordability is limited.”

"mission Impossible"

Faced with the deterioration of the quality of raw water, the increase in testing and process requirements, the increase in costs, and the need to shoulder the functions of the public utilities, but unable to set prices independently, the plight of insufficient financial input, and the difficulty of large-scale water companies are also difficult for county-level water plants. For small water supply agencies and water supply agencies in underdeveloped regions, it will be difficult to meet the new national standards before July 1, next year.

Liu Wenjun frankly stated that it is an "impossible task" to achieve compliance on schedule nationwide.

Authorities of the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, who participated in the drafting of the new national standard, said that the actual testing and processing standards required by various localities may be less than all of the 106 requirements, because the actual conditions in different places are different. “You don’t need chlorine. Disinfection of amines eliminates the need to detect chloramine disinfection by-products; local farmers do not need to test cotton for cotton farmers.” Therefore, the actual requirements of all localities “will only be less, not more. Detection capacity is sufficient for provincial units. Now that the traffic is good, there is no need for every grass-roots unit to have full detection capability."

The source also revealed that the map has been mapped, but the indicators of the provinces have not yet been reported. "It is estimated that by the next year it will move and it will involve the fundamental interest - money. Give you a chance and you still won't get it? As far as it can be achieved, Look at the national requirements."

In fact, Article 9.1.1 of the new national standard left room for the inspection of county-level local water supply agencies: “The selection of unconventional water quality indicators by the water supply unit is determined through consultation between the local county-level water supply administrative department and the health administrative department. ”

Zhang Qian, a researcher and deputy director of the Water Quality and Security Monitoring Office of the Environment and Health-related Product Safety Institute of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said: “It is a principle that should be achieved regardless of whether it is difficult or not.” Actually, “July 1, 2007 Implementation must meet the requirements of 42 conventional indicators in the new national standard. It will be implemented by July 1, 2012. This five-year period is a transition period. The process of technological improvement and equipment renewal should be considered."

In addition to quantitative indicators, the frequency of detection is also an important factor. Wang Qishan believes that in order to protect water quality, the frequency of detection should also be increased. "Different batches of water are different. Is it acceptable to pass a single test?"

According to reason, because the situation of water quality has been changing, the national standard should be revised once every five years, but the transition period of the 2006 version of the national standard is five years, and it has not yet been fully implemented. The revision of the next edition of the national standard “has not yet started”. According to sources.

In addition to the deterioration of raw water and the increase in demand, water supply agencies in various regions have also been trapped by insufficient input and unclear positioning.

After the announcement of the new national standard, relevant parties proposed that in order to respond to new challenges, investment should be increased. The “2009-2012 Urban Water Supply Water Quality Assurance and Facilities Renovation Plan” was formulated. The estimated investment scale is about 150 billion yuan, and issuance of invitations. The opinions, but not yet settled, "The NDRC is communicating," revealed by an inconvenient person.

Insufficient investment has affected the safety of drinking water. Wang Qishan said that the funds for "water special projects" are mainly concentrated on sewage treatment, and "there are very few water supplies for distribution." For example, he said that chlorine disinfection is because "effective, cheap," but chlorine is a strong oxidant, will react with the organic matter in the water, resulting in the product of "triple substance", but "no money to change."

Zhang Xudong's introduction is consistent with Liu Wenjun's. The water source cannot be controlled. Even in the water-scarce Tianjin, there is even a case where money can't buy water. It is difficult to ask the water supply side for water quality requirements. For those pollutants, many times "do not know how to come." Once a certain batch of water quality is not good, we must use activated carbon adsorption and other means, "according to the daily output of 300,000 tons, only the raw material cost of investment in activated carbon will be tens of thousands of dollars, that is throwing money, ah, pain!" Zhang Xudong Say.

The structural cost of China's water price is not open and transparent, and it is not controlled by the producer's water company, but rather by the price department. At the end of 2007, the World Bank's report "China's Water Price Reform: Economic Efficiency, Environmental Costs, and Social Sustainability" pointed out that China's current water supply and drainage prices are too low and that water prices should reflect increasing long-term marginal costs in water supply and wastewater treatment. In particular, it should reflect the cost of environmental damage caused by production and consumption as well as the opportunity cost of resource depletion.

In addition, each water company in China has “complex components”. For example, water companies in Tianjin have various types such as state-owned enterprises, joint ventures, and private enterprises. This has caused the positioning of water supply companies to be ambiguous. There are operating pressures for “self-collection and self-sufficiency”, as well as some public service functions of the government. There is also no financial support. The pressure can be imagined. At the same time, the “complex composition” is one of the reasons why the government is hesitant about financial investment.

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